Talento anhelado por las organizaciones
Saudi Arabia is setting its sights on becoming the world’s largest supplier of the $700 Billion Hydrogen Market. The kingdom is building a $5 billion plant to make green fuel for export and lessen the country’s dependence on petrodollars.
The world’s biggest crude exporter doesn’t want to cede the burgeoning hydrogen business to China, Europe or Australia and lose a potentially massive source of income
By Jason Deign
UK connects to the Sahara. UK connects into a new source of renewable energy. A 3.6 GW of subsea cable capacity from the African coast to the UK. The cable follows the continental shelf around Portugal, Spain, and France. The cable will be able to provide up to 7.5 percent of U.K. electricity
The concept is to install 10 gigawatts of PV and wind generation capacity along with 25 gigawatt-hours of battery storage near Tantan in southern Morocco.
El discurso del comisario Arias Cañete el pasado 23 de abril en Dublin pone de manifiesto el interés estratégico que la cartera europea de energía representa para España.
Es sabido que Europa, con la excepción del área Escocia-Noruega, carece de recursos energéticos propios, estos deben ser importados. Posiblemente el combustible de origen fosil más interesante sea el gas natural, se importa el 66% del que se consume, con tasas de emisión de CO2, 50% menos, comparativamente bajas respecto al carbón y al petróleo.
El problema del gas es que depende de dos factores fuera del control de los europeos:
Los problemas surgidos con motivo del conflicto Rusia-Ucrania evidencian como ambas dependencias representan un punto débil de Europa. Procede diversificar fuentes y redes de gaseoductos. Más fácil lo segundo que lo primero ya que fuentes de gas sólo hay las que hay, mientras que el catálogo de países de tránsito para los gaseoductos es más amplio. Diversificar gaseoductos permite minorar los riesgos de conflictos regionales.
Éste es el objetivo que se ha marcado Arias Cañete: que cada estado miembro de la UE disponga de acceso a tres fuentes de gas natural. Se trata de ampliar la red europea de gasoductos añadiendo al actualmente preponderante acceso del Norte-Este otros varios gaseoductos: el Norte-Escandinavo con origen en Noruega para dar cobertura al área báltica, el Sur-Este para el gas de Asia Central vía el Adriatico y Anatolia y una ampliación de los que cruzan el Mediterraneo.
Ahí se encuentra el interés estratégico de España. Hasta ahora, el gaseoducto Magreb Europa que trae a España el gas argelino vía Marruecos ha sido considerada desde la perspectiva de la red europea de gasoductos como una infraestructura de segundo orden ya que se ha limitado a abastecer al pequeño mercado hispano-luso. Algo parecido se puede afirmar del MedGaz que va directamente de Argelia a Almería. Más importante se ha considerado el Trans-Mediterraneo que transporta el gas desde la misma fuente argelina vía Tunez y Sicilia.
En el escenario de inestabilidad en el área este de Argelia, Tunez, Libia y Egipto, se impone la política europea de diversificación y seguridad en el suministro con la consecuencia de la necesidad de una red unitaria europea para el transporte del gas. Ésta es la palanca a favor del más occidental gaseoducto Magreb Europa y su conexión con la red pan europea vía Francia.
Not many people know the existence of the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform SNETP and its links with the EU. The same occurs with the “sustainable nuclear energy” concept.
A good clue to know about SNETP is a 2007 European Commission (Directorate General for Research. Euratom) report: «The Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform. A vision report».
According to EU, three objectives characterize the sustainability of nuclear energy:
These objectives are achievable through Generation IV reactors´ technologies coming for commercial use around 2030. These have mainly to do with:
If these objectives become real and considering that:
Could, sustainable nuclear energy, be considered an option to complete renewable energies? EU seems to do it.
In the EU, there´s a wide line of thought that, when referred to energy matters without any other consideration, imagines Europe as the “Green Camelot” of the industrialized world –with the exception of realistic countries such as Sweden, France, or Britain-. Many times, this is the deep essence of critical reviews on the United States and China policies.
Actually, the European position is not as crystal clear as it pretends to be. There are a few contradictions:
First contradiction: Energy Supply Security. Europe has no energy resources, with the exception of Scotland-UK and Norway; these must be imported. But, in times of conflict, the peaceful EU supply depends on the US international means –Central Asia, Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean South-. What is the cost of this dependence? And the risk?
Second contradiction: Energy Affordability. Of course, a logical option for Europe is renewable energy because it provides autonomous and green power. But, there´s a problem: currently, renewables are far from grid parity with the exception of wind power.
Energy affordability is higher in countries with a reasonable share of renewables. According to WEC 2012 Index data, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, or Finland pay between 0.16 and 0.22 USD per kWh, while in the opposite side Germany pays 0.32 and Denmark 0.36. Comparing these data with North America, we have to know that US citizens pay 0.12 USD per kWh while Canadians only pay 0.09 USD.
Intensive green policies are available for rich countries like Denmark, but it is a social problem for the poorer. In fact, in January 2014, because of the pressure of public opinion, Spanish electricity suppliers have shown how the real cost of power paid by consumers is only the 38% of the total bill; the residual 62% are taxes and levies that end up in government coffers.
Also, there is a similar scenario when drivers refuel their cars with gasoline –petrol- or diesel. Most Europeans pay taxes between 3 to 4 USD per gallon –this is taxation from 50 to 60%-; Americans only pay 0.5 USD -source: New York Times NYT-. The different price between Brent Crude and West Texas Intermediate hasn´t to do with such different taxation; it is a simple matter: it is a hidden financing source for European governments. But, what will be when most cars become electric vehicles? How will be compensated this loss of governmental income?
The extreme-renewable policy is inconsistent with energy affordability; so, it has a negative social impact. Environment protection is a praiseworthy aim, but it has an economic cost that´s mirrored by the energy bill beyond the regular taxes as VAT. Someone has to pay it.
Third contradiction: Energy Impact on Health and Environment. In Europe, there is a wide popular sensibility against energy technological progress because of its potential environmental risk or its immediate impact. This sensibility is against nuclear power, shale gas, and even against hydro-power or wind-power.
The point is that mostly this rejection is against the “concept itself”. To claim a good guarantee –for example, with respect to fracking technology- is logical, but it isn´t the case. It seems to be a matter of distrust, ultra-eco-ideology, and ignorance of real data. How many Europeans know that shale gas is very similar to conventional natural gas with less than half-life cycle greenhouse gas emissions than those of coal-fired electricity generation? –see 2012 “Natural Gas and the Transformation of the US Energy Sector: Electricity” National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL with the cooperation of experts from the University of Colorado-Boulder, the Colorado School of Mines, the Colorado State University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University-.
This resistance ignores, or hides, the lung cancer, heart diseases and deaths caused during the last decades by carbon emissions from fossil fuels: in Europe 455,000/year premature deaths according to European Environment Agency EEA . It is annually, much worse than the forecasted thousands of victims of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine/USSR, – see United Nations UN 2005 Report “Chernobyl´s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine” –. In America, 200,000/year early deaths are due to analog causes according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT’s Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment. The same could be said about acid rain and global warming.
From an environmental point of view, national governments are conscious that high energy consumption rates are incompatible with fossil fuel technologies, but sometimes, due to electoral reasons, policymakers are too sensible to public pressure –Germany case, as a reaction to the 2011 earthquake and tsunami that devastated Fukushima with the consequence of the incident at its old technology nuclear plants-. Does anyone remember how many deaths or diseases have been caused by the Fukushima nuclear incident?
Without any doubt, environmental risk must be under control within reasonable ratios. However, it is convenient to remember the known Roosevelt’s thought: “Only thing we have to fear is fear itself”. It is because this irrational fear to a potential impact on health and the environment stops progress and makes to last longer the worst scenario: the current one.
There still is a fourth contradiction, but, in this case, the US and EU positions are coincident. Governments with an active eco-speech against CO2, subsidize intensively the polluting coal industry. –for US, see 2011 “Mining Coal, Mounting Costs: the Life Cycle Consequences of Coal” Center for Health and the Global Environment at Harvard Medical School and “Federal Coal Subsidies” by Source Watch-.- for EU, see 2010 “Germany wins extension of coal subsidies” by ft.com and “EU coal nations win fight for subsidies to 2018” by Reuters- . Only extra-environmental reasons, such as lobbies and mining unions´ pressure or energetic independence, justify this contradiction.